Reliability is not an on/off switch. A source can be excellent for one fact and insufficient for a broader conclusion.
Crossref relationships have a direction: described and linked objects play different roles. Read the relationship before replacing a reference.
| Situation | What changes | Useful check |
|---|---|---|
| isPreprintOf / hasPreprint | Links a preprint and associated publication in opposite directions. | Check which document was actually read. |
| isVersionOf / hasVersion | Declares a version relationship. | Compare tables and conclusions; the link does not mean identical text. |
| isReviewOf / hasReview | Links a review and its subject. | Read the review and its scope before concluding. |
A working DOI identifies a resource without awarding a quality label. A missing metadata relationship does not establish that works are unrelated. Retain the title, version and passage used.
Documentation : Crossref — Relationships ↗ · · Read the reference record →
Not every page requires a full investigation. First identify the elements that would genuinely change your decision, then examine only those carrying meaningful uncertainty or risk.
Published Editorial review
Publication director: Vincent Ferrer. Webmaster / Domain name owner: Alexis RZG.
Look for an author, responsible organisation, contact page and competence related to the subject. An unsigned institutional page is not automatically invalid, but unclear responsibility limits accountability.
Distinguish the primary source (official body, study, legal text or direct witness) from commentary summarising it. Each reformulation can remove context.
Publication and update dates help determine whether the content still fits. Useful life depends on the subject: history changes slowly, while prices, schedules, rules and software can change quickly.
An old page can remain valuable when it describes its period. It becomes misleading when it presents a past state as current.
Find documents, data, methods, examples or links that let you trace the claim. A long bibliography is insufficient when references do not actually support the conclusion.
For a figure, check the unit, period, population and calculation. For a quotation, find the full passage.
Every author has a viewpoint. Ask whether financial, political, institutional or personal interests may shape the selection and presentation of facts.
Commercial content may give accurate specifications; it is simply less suitable for impartially evaluating the product it sells.
Seek genuinely independent confirmation, ideally from another primary source. Ten pages repeating the same press release are not ten confirmations.
When serious sources disagree, explain the disagreement instead of manufacturing certainty. For high-impact decisions, consult a competent professional.
Information can be accurate yet irrelevant to your situation. A national figure may not describe a town; a rule for professionals may not apply to consumers; an old study may concern technology that is no longer used.
Before accepting a conclusion, state the question precisely: which fact, for which territory, at what date and for which category of people or products?
This step prevents time being spent confirming information that remains beside the point.
An absolute headline, manufactured urgency, an untraceable source, an out-of-context quotation or figures disconnected from their method justify further checking. The same applies when a page hides its author or commercial interest.
No single sign proves that content is false. A combination indicates that the claim should not be repeated before reaching stronger evidence.
Polished design and fluent writing do not compensate for missing proof.
Suppose a page claims that a new rule is already mandatory. Identify the country and stated date, then find the text or timetable from the responsible authority. Next check whether an independent publication interprets the same provision consistently.
If sources confirm the text but disagree about its application, preserve that nuance. An honest result may be conditional rather than a definitive yes or no.
Record the links consulted and verification date when the decision may need to be explained or reviewed later.
Fictional example: a summary cites a real DOI but attributes a conclusion absent from the document. Resolving the identifier only establishes the destination.
Keep three separate fields: exact claim, supporting passage and scope limitation. Record missing evidence rather than replacing it with a search-engine summary.
The documented Crossref filters explain record fields. Having an abstract is a metadata condition, not an assessment of quality.
A source becomes usable when you know who is responsible for it, what it actually proves, the context in which it remains valid and how it can be corroborated. The method does not remove all uncertainty; it locates it instead of hiding it behind persuasive prose.
Report a correction ↗When several pages support a claim, trace their original documents before counting confirmations. To choose a destination, compare directory purposes and source documentation.
Distinguish independent sources from repeated claims → · Compare documented resources →
